In a series of judgments, the CJEU found that Hungary had infringed EU law in connection with its migration policy. This led to the imposition of severe financial penalties on Hungary in June 2024. The European Commission’s actions were characterised by selectivity. Despite similar restrictive migration practices being applied by Greece, Italy and Poland, the European Commission initiated infringement proceedings exclusively against Hungary, whilst other

Analysis of EU liability for push-backs, focusing on CJEU case law, Frontex’s role, and implications for migration governance and damages claims.

Study examines whether illegal entry and stay should become EU Eurocrimes, assessing legal feasibility, limits of criminalisation, and security impacts.