How governments, regulators and financial institutions can reduce financial exclusion, support seniors, and build a more inclusive financial system.

Can a state leave its treaty obligations when circumstances fundamentally change? This blog post explores rebus sic stantibus, the EU, and international law.

An overview of Polish rules on cross-border inter absentes contracts, tracing the shift from liberal practice to stricter safeguards in 2011.

An overview of the rule-of-law clause in Poland and its impact on constitutional principles, rights, and judicial review.

This blog post analyses how recent CJEU rulings on Poland challenge national sovereignty, constitutional supremacy and EU competences.

This blog post examines the evolution of the rule of law from a principle limiting arbitrary state power to a complex modern framework shaped by democracy, human rights, sustainability, environmental protection, and artificial intelligence. It explores how contemporary rule of law concepts increasingly address transparency, accountability, ecological governance, and the regulation of emerging technologies in a changing global order.

The post analyses the CJEU’s ruling in Case C-521/21, arguing that flaws in judicial appointments do not automatically negate judicial independence.

The blog study explores the European Union's approach to enforcing rule of law standards, highlighting the significant gap between pre- and post-accession tools.

This commentary concerns the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of 20 March 2026 (II OSK 216/21), in which the transcription of a foreign same-sex marriage certificate was permitted.